Jewish traditions, kosher traditions and Messianic traditions
Gentiles have traditions and, as Tevye of ‘Fiddler on the Roof’ says, Jews also have ‘Tradition!’ Jewish traditions reflect our wanderings through Eastern Europe, Spain, Morocco and Babylon. Some traditions reflect biblical emphases, but others are more tinsel-like in nature. Let’s look at Shavuot (in Greek, Pentecost) for some helpful perspective at this season.
The harvest festivals
The first agricultural harvest of the biblical New Year (which occurs at Passover time, according to Exodus 12:1-2) is the barley and flax harvest (see Exodus 9:31). The Book of Ruth takes place during the season of Passover, during the barley harvest (ktzir se’orim’; Ruth 1:22)
The second harvest comes approximately fifty days later, and it is the wheat harvest (‘bikurei ktzir hittim’; see Exodus 34:22; Leviticus 23:15-21; Deuteronomy 16:9-12). The Feast of Shavuot/Pentecost celebrates the wheat harvest. In the Hebrew Scriptures fifty days separate between the barley and the wheat harvests. Shavuot is also called the ‘Feast of the Reaping’ (‘hag hakatzir’) in Exodus 23:16. There the Jewish people are told to celebrate “the reaping of the first fruits of your labors which you have sown in the field” (also seeNumbers 28:2, 26, where the feast is called ‘hag habikurim’ – First fruits Festival).
The third and last harvest (Exodus 23:16) is called ‘Hag ha-Sukkot’ (Tabernacles or Booths), the final harvest of the threshing floor and the wine vat – “all your produce and all the work of your hands” (Deuteronomy 16:13-15).
What happens at Shavuot?
In the Books of Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy, God communicates to Moses His threefold focus on the Feast of Shavuot:
- an agricultural festival, celebrating the beginnings of the yearly produce and harvest (Exodus 34:22; Numbers 28:26; Deuteronomy 16:9-10), as well as an offering of first fruits grain and blood sacrifices (qorban, isheh, hatat and shlemim)
- a day of holy gathering and complete rest(Leviticus 23:21; Numbers 28:26)
- a feast of celebration and rejoicing (Deuteronomy 16:10-11) coupled with a pilgrimage to Jerusalem (Exodus 34:22-24). The celebrations of joy were thankfulness for God’s harvest blessings, and Israel’s thankfulness for the Exodus from Egyptian slavery
Moses adds another event here: all Jewish men needed to come up to Jerusalem three times a year, to appear before YHVH’s presence with offerings (Exodus 23:14-17; 34:23; Deuteronomy 16:16). Shavuot was thus considered one of the shalosh regalim (sholesh regolim in Yiddish) – the three pilgrim feasts.
On this day, fifty days after Pesach/Passover (Leviticus 23:16), the counting of the ‘omer’ (a peck measurement and first-fruits prophetic promise of a coming full harvest) was completed with the entire nation of Jewish farmers gathered on the Temple Mount, declaring their thanksgiving to the God of their fathers as enscripturated in Deuteronomy 16:1-11.
- That is all that Moses said about Shavuot – no more and no less. In the Hebrew Scriptures Shavuot is not linked to any other Biblical occurrence or date.
How did the Apostles celebrate Shavuot?
When I studied Second Temple Jewish History at Jerusalem’s Hebrew University, my professor Dr. Menahem Stern (the top world scholar of that discipline) pointed out how Acts 2:5-11 was an accurate description of the extent of the Jewish Diaspora in those days – the countries to which Israel had been exiled and still remained in Exile:
- Now there were Jews living in Jerusalem, devout men from every nation under heaven. And when this sound occurred, the crowd came together, and were bewildered because each one of them was hearing them speak in his own language. They were amazed and astonished, saying, “Why, are not all these who are speaking Galileans? And how is it that we each hear them in our own language to which we were born? Parthians and Medes and Elamites, and residents of Mesopotamia, Judea and Cappadocia, Pontus and Asia, Phrygia and Pamphylia, Egypt and the districts of Libya around Cyrene, and visitors from Rome, both Jews and proselytes, Cretans and Arabs – we hear them in our own tongues speaking of the mighty deeds of God!”
At Shavuot, Jews from all over the world would come up to Jerusalem to honor the commandment. It is true that a few proselytes (Gentile converts to Judaism) also came up, but the ethnic component was 99% Jewish – Jews from Arabia to Asia, and from Egypt to Elam –all got together for a national Thanksgiving Day celebration in Jerusalem. This Feast occurred every year – Jewish people celebrating a Jewish feast in a Jewish city. Even the Jewish Paul the Apostle had this Feast marked down on his personal calendar, reminding himself to come up to Jerusalem to celebrate the Day of Shavuot/Pentecost (Acts 20:16). Paul’s national identity and his apostolic faith were recognizably Jewish and remained so – from birth to death (Acts 21:24; 28:17).
When YHVH speaks, He does not stutter
The God of Jacob gave to Moses specific days on which the sons of Isaac were celebrate His feasts (see Leviticus 23:2). Here are some of those festive dates:
- The biblical Jewish New Year is on the first day of the month of Aviv (Exodus 12:2)
- The Passover is on the 14th day of the month of Aviv (Exodus 12:6, 14; 34:18; Leviticus 23:5)
- Trumpets is on the first day of the seventh month (Leviticus 23:24; Numbers 29:1)
- The Day of Atonement on the 10thday of the seventh month (Leviticus 23:26; 16:29; 25:9; Numbers 29:7)
- The Feast of Tabernacles on the 15th day of the seventh month (Leviticus 23:34; Deuteronomy 16:13)
But when it comes to the exact date when the Mosaic Covenant was given, the biblical text is totally silent. The God of Israel does not even command the Jewish people to celebrate that day as a Feast. Why is this?
In search of the lost date
The Scriptures do not give an exact date for when the Mosaic Covenant was given to Moses. That event happened somewhere within a two-month period, but the Bible does not specify when. It’s a little like the date of Christmas. December 24/25 was chosen not because of a specific date given in the Gospel accounts; it was based on pre-existing pagan Roman traditions. But people have a tendency to focus on dates and, when the Bible is silent about such things, folks tend to choose dates anyway.
Here is the timeline given in the Bible of the events which transpired between the first Passover in Egypt and the Giving of the Decalogue in the Sinai Desert:
- Exodus 16:1 – On the 15th day of the second month after the Exodus, Israel arrives at the wilderness of Sin
- Exodus 19:1 – On the third month after the Exodus, Israel arrives at the wilderness of Sinai
- Exodus 19:16 – After various activities, they arrive and camp. Moses goes up to meet God who instructs him, and then Moses comes down. Then there comes a time called “three days later”
- Exodus 24:1-11 – Moses takes 70 elders to a banquet where they eat with God
- Exodus 24:16 – Six days later, Moses goes up to see God and in verse 18, stays there for 40 days
- Exodus 31:18 – Moses receives the two tablets at some time during those 40 days
- Exodus 32:19 – Moses destroys the two tablets after the 40 days
This biblical timeline reveals that it’s impossible to state with certainty when the Giving of the Tablets happened. So why is it that Orthodox Jews are taught that Shavuot is the date of Matan Torah (the Giving of the Sinai Covenant)? Good question! Let’s first look at how the Greek loan-word ‘Pentecost’ got involved in the whole mix.
Pentecost – it’s all Greek to me!
Over one hundred years before the birth of Yeshua, Jewish scribes in Egypt translated the Bible from Hebrew into Greek. This translation, known as the ‘Septuagint’ (or ‘the Seventy’, referring to the traditional seventy translator-scribes) made use of the word Pentēkostē (πεντηκοστὸν) in Leviticus 25:10, to refer to ‘the fiftieth’ – in this case the 50th year of Jubilee. In Yeshua’s day Hebrew-speaking Jews would call the Feast of Reaping ‘Shavuot’ in Hebrew, while Greek-speaking Jews would call the same Feast Pentēkostē (‘Pentecost’ in modern English).
The 50-day reckoning is based on Leviticus 23:
- “You shall also count for yourselves from the day after the sabbath, from the day when you brought in the sheaf of the wave offering. There shall be seven complete sabbaths. You shall count fifty days to the day after the seventh sabbath. Then you shall present a new grain offering to YHVH” (Leviticus 23:15-16).
The most dynamic Jewish harvest-feast ever in Jerusalem
In Acts 1:3 Luke recounts that Messiah Yeshua ascended to heaven 40 days after the crucifixion:
- “He also presented Himself alive after His suffering by many convincing proofs, appearing to them over a period of forty days and speaking of the things concerning the Kingdom of God.”
Ten days later, after Messiah Yeshua’s ascension on the 40th day after Passover (making it 50 days total), “when the Day of Shavuot/Pentecost had come, they were all together in one place” (Acts 2:1). The Ruach Hakodesh (Holy Spirit) came upon these gathered Messianic Jews all of a sudden and with great power:
- “And suddenly there came from heaven a noise like a violent rushing wind, and it filled the whole house where they were sitting. And there appeared to them tongues as of fire distributing themselves, and they rested on each one of them. And they were all filled with the Holy Spirit and began to speak with other tongues” (Acts 2:2-4).
Flaming tongues of fire danced on these believers’ heads, and they all began to speak in unlearned languages – the languages of the countries of the Jewish Exile (Acts 2:6-8). The good news of Messiah Yeshua and His resurrection were being proclaimed in the very heart of Jerusalem. The result of this supernatural visitation let to a huge Messianic harvest of salvation – the ingathering of over 3,000 Jewish men into the Body of Messiah. Shimon Kaipha’s message was bold and evangelistic and spoken to all the Jewish men gathered for the Feast of Shavuot:
- “Therefore let all the House of Israel know for certain that God has made Him both Lord and Messiah – this Yeshua! . . . Repent, and each of you be immersed in the name of Messiah Yeshua for the forgiveness of your sins. And you will receive the gift of the Holy Spirit. For the promise is for you and your children and for all who are far off, as many as the Lord our God will call to Himself.’ And with many other words he solemnly testified and kept on exhorting them, saying, ‘Be saved from this perverse generation!’ So then, those who had received his word were immersed. And that day there were added about three thousand souls” (Acts 2:36, 38-41).
These 3,000 men were all followers of the Mosaic covenant, as were all Jews in those days. Jerusalem’s Messianic leaders reflected this reality when they later told Paul: “You see, brother, how many thousands there are among the Jews of those who have believed, and they are all zealous for the Teaching” (ed. of the Mosaic covenant; see the context of Acts 21:20).
These men had just been inaugurated into what Messiah Yeshua called ‘the New Covenant’ in Luke 22:20. In the words of Jeremiah, this New Covenant was different from the Mosaic covenant: it would not be “like the covenant which I made with their fathers in the day I took them by the hand to bring them out of the land of Egypt, My covenant which they broke, although I was a husband to them, says YHVH” (Jeremiah 31:32).
- Tongues of fire accompanied by the heavenly sound of a mighty and rushing wind filled the house wherein the disciples were praying. The inauguration of the New Covenant was kicked into gear by the Holy Spirit of Israel, with signs following in a very Jewish context.
Peter said that these amazing manifestations peered into the future, to the time prophesied by Joel. He declared that at the very End of Days, earthquakes, world-shaking signs and the outpouring of the Ruach Hakodesh would occur. Peter spoke by the Holy Spirit, declaring that this pouring out of the Holy Spirit in Acts 2 was a down payment, a promise that Joel’s prophesied events would one day come to pass, and in that day the entire Jewish nation would be filled with the Spirit of YHVH.
But not all Jews believed in Yeshua on Shavuot
Even though 3,000 Jewish men boldly accepted the atonement of Messiah Yeshua on Shavuot/Pentecost, the majority of Israel’s spiritual leaders continued to spurn Yeshua and the ‘quiet waters of the Shiloah spring’ (see Isaiah 8:6). They despised and rejected David’s Messianic Son. Our nation followed our leaders, turning our faces from Him and not esteeming Him, as Isaiah had prophesied (Isaiah 53:3). Abandoning the Fountain of living waters, we hewed for ourselves “cisterns, broken cisterns that can hold no water” (Jeremiah 2:13). These ‘broken cisterns’ are synonymous with the rabbinic system which calls for obedience to its own interpretations of the Mosaic covenant, while rejecting the Messianic New Covenant of which Moses and Yeshua spoke.
Ruth’s Rabbi
My dear friend, Dr. Louis Goldberg (former Professor of Jewish Studies at Moody Bible Institute) often taught that the rabbis connected Shavuot/Pentecost to the giving of the Mosaic covenant on Mount Sinai – not based on biblical information, but on their desire to shift focus away from the amazing events of Acts 2 – especially regarding the New Covenant, the Messiahship of Yeshua, and the offer of salvation to non-Jews.
Acts 2 clearly connects Shavuot/Pentecost with the inauguration of the New Covenant. This New Covenant would eventually spread into Europe and Asia, proclaiming that Gentiles could also be included into the Jewish Body of Messiah (called ‘the commonwealth of Israel’ in Ephesians 2:12 ESV) through faith in Yeshua alone.
This business of allowing Gentiles to have access to Jewish blessings (see Romans 15:27) and to have equal fellowship with the God of Israel alongside of Jews – this was shocking to many Pharisees of that time. Most Jewish religious leaders feared that this new upstart Messianic movement, by allowing Gentiles in, would overwhelm rabbinic Judaism’s role as ‘watchman on the Mosaic walls.’
The glorious and flame-tongued New Covenant was rejected by the rabbis and, in its place, a multi-faceted rabbinic interpretation of the Mosaic covenant was substituted. Instead of the gospel offer of salvation to Jews and Gentiles, the rabbis stressed that Yeshua was a false Messiah and that Gentiles seeking God’s would be better served by converting to the Covenant of Moses and by submitting to rabbinic authority. The ‘poster girl’ for this conversion process became Ruth the Moabite – even though the Bible describes no conversion process for Gentiles, and the Book of Ruth itself continues to the very end of the book to refer to Ruth as a Moabite (see Ruth 4:10).
Rabbinic Judaism had performed plastic surgery on the humble Moabitess. Her story (which had occurred at the time of the Passover barley harvest story) would now be morphed into a Shavuot wheat-harvest narrative. Some rabbis even stated that three kosher rabbis actually were witnesses officiating at Ruth’s (fictional) conversion to rabbinic Judaism on the threshing floor – even though the office of ‘rabbi’ only appeared on the scene 1,500 years after Ruth’s day.
Ruth herself was made to do double duty: She would now be presented as a convert to the rabbinic stream of Mosaic Judaism, and Shavuot would be highlighted as the day of the Giving of the Mosaic covenant.
- Most Jews are ignorant of this counter-response to Acts 2. They accept the Orthodox Jewish tradition that the Giving of the Mosaic Teaching occurred on the Feast of Shavuot. Regrettably, this ‘fake news’ has become a traditional understanding for many Messianic Jews as well, much like how twinkling trees and Yule eggnog have become a cherished part of Christmas traditions.
In light of all of the above-cited biblical and historical information, it needs to be clearly stated: the rabbinic emphasis tying Shavuot/Pentecost to the Mosaic Covenant is actually a distraction from what the Bible teaches. It is undercutting what the God of Jacob communicates throughout the Holy Scriptures. Its focus de-emphasizes precisely what YHVH wants us to understand.
“There is no New Covenant – it’s simply a refurbished Mosaic Covenant!”
The rabbis who had fellowshipped with Saul prior to his Damascus Road roller-coaster experience had even more serious objections to the new apostolic Messianic teaching. Though Paul’s lifestyle was Mosaic in practice (see Acts 28:17) as was the pattern of all Messianic Jews at that time (see Acts 22:3; 23:6; 26:1-7), Paul taught that one of the main purposes of the Mosaic covenant teachings (Torah in Hebrew means ‘teaching’) was to lead the Jewish people to Messiah Yeshua.
Paul teaches that when the Jewish people come to Messiah Yeshua, they are no longer under the guardianship of the Mosaic covenant. Paul describes the Mosaic Covenant using the Greek term paidagogos (παιδαγωγὸς) – a bodyguard who would take the child from his home through the rough Greek streets to school, protecting him and bringing him safely to the Greek school, and then home again (παιδαγωγὸς; Galatians 3:24; translated as ‘a bodyguard’). The Mosaic Covenant was God’s appointed bodyguard who would lead Israel safely to Messiah and to Yeshua’s New Covenant:
- “Why the Torah then? It was added because of transgressions, having been ordained through angels by the agency of a mediator, until the Seed would come to whom the promise had been made . . . But before faith came, we were kept in custody under the Torah, being shut up to the faith which was later to be revealed. Therefore, the Torah has become our paidagogos to lead us to Messiah, so that we may be justified by faith. But now that faith has come, we are no longer under a paidagogos” (Galatians 3:19, 23-25)
The Pharisees of Paul’s day understood that the Apostle was interpreting the Hebrew of Jeremiah 31:31-34 literally – exegetically – to mean that the New Covenant was ‘not like’ the Mosaic covenant. And they wanted to close down any open Jewish discussion of Jeremiah 31, by insisting that Jeremiah could have only meant ‘a renewed covenant.’
But this rabbinic perspective violates the peshat, the clear exegetical meaning of Jeremiah 31:32, which states: “not like the covenant that I made with their fathers in the day that I took them by the hand to lead them out of the Land of Egypt.” Jeremiah was clearly prophesying that this New Covenant is also a Jewish covenant, and that this New Covenant is in some ways not like the Mosaic covenant.
Without scriptural warrant, authority or proof, rabbinic leaders tweaked the biblical emphasis of Shavuot from thankful celebration for the wheat harvest to a Mosaic-rabbinic focus. It is as if they said, “Let’s make sure to leave out the New Covenant, leave out Messiah Yeshua, and let’s make sure that there are no Gentiles sneaking in the back door into a Jewish kingdom!”
Many Jews and Gentiles, unaware of the Biblical and historical facts here, have embraced this rabbinic ‘fake news’. It is also not unusual to see many dear believing brothers and sisters unknowingly swallowing this less-than-biblical propaganda.
Not everything Messianic is kosher
In today’s Messianic movement, we need to be aware that sometimes our theological formulations are more tentative and less accurate that we might think. Some Messianic leaders and teachers have been taught by their own Messianic leaders and teachers that the rabbinic perspectives regarding the Mosaic covenant’s supposed connection to Shavuot are kosher. I have dear Messianic friends and leaders who deny that the New Covenant is actually a New Covenant. Instead, they teach that it is simply a new and improved Mosaic Covenant. I have dear Messianic friends who also believe that Ruth is the poster child for philosemitic Gentiles, who would be making a wise choice to convert to rabbinic Judaism.
It is my conviction that these dear friends err (see Matthew 22:29) not knowing what the Scriptures say. They may be unaware of both Jewish and rabbinic history – and probably also unaware of the early clashes between Messianic apostolic teaching and that of the rabbis on these points.
The heart of Ruth
Though the story of Ruth is connected to the Passover barley harvest and not to the wheat-harvest time of Shavuot, there is a wonderfully encouraging message for us in the Book of Ruth – one which can strengthen our hearts regarding the relationship between Jews and Gentiles.
Ruth was a descendent of Lot’s incestuous union with his daughters after the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 19:36-37). In Deuteronomy 23:3 the God of Jacob forbids male Moabites (the ‘seed’) from entering even the outer courtyards of the House of YHVH. This proscription was to last for ten full generations after intermarriage. Ruth was not a Moabite male, and as such was not under this scriptural ban. But the social reality was that few Jewish men would have wanted to take a Moabite woman as a bride.
What was so special about Ruth? What caused her to stand in God’s spotlight and to be joyously included into the destiny of the Jewish people – without hiding her Moabite origins?
- She had a heart of faith. She recognized God’s heart for Israel and His covenant connections with the Jewish people. She understood that the calling of Israel was a ‘done deal’ – and that to follow the God of the Jews meant to be forever linked with the Jewish people.
- She had the heart of a servant. She poured out her life and strength to bless her Jewish mother-in-law Naomi, and willingly bound her destiny to that of Judah’s descendant Boaz. Her reward included being the great-grandmother of King David as well as being found in the precious lineage of Messiah Yeshua!
Let us rejoice in the great Harvest Feast of Shavuot/Pentecost, as we thank God for His rains coming down on the face of the earth, and the outpouring rain of His Holy Spirit coming down on our hearts! And let’s look forward to the soon-coming prophesied mighty harvest – when Israel will bring much greater riches to the nations and life from the dead to the entire world! (Romans 11:12, 15)
How should we then pray?
- Pray for an increased understanding to come to the Messianic Jewish movement about the authentic biblical meaning of Shavuot, and not to get misled by certain inaccurate rabbinic traditions
- Pray for Messianic Jews to embrace the fiery prophetic fullness of the Holy Spirit, the key power-source for Ezekiel 37’s army
- Pray for revelation to come to many hungry Jewish hearts about Messiah Yeshua and His New Covenantal gift of the Holy Spirit and salvation
- Pray for the whole body of Messiah worldwide to lay hold of the Jewish and Holy Spirit roots of Shavuot/Pentecost and to make these two elements a prophetic part of their celebration. Shavuot is the Jewish Feast which celebrates the Giving of the Holy Spirit!
- Pray for believers worldwide to receive a revelation and impartation of God’s heart for Israel. Pray specifically for Arabic-speaking believers across the Islamic world to embrace Ruth’s heart for Israel and openly show their commitment to the Jewish people’s calling in new ways
- Pray for the equipping of harvesters for both Jewish people and Gentiles for God’s great final harvest
Your prayers and support hold up our arms and are the very practical enablement of God to us in the work He has called us to do.
In Messiah Yeshua,
Avner Boskey
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